（2025·上海徐汇·二模）Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
How to improve clinical trials？
Last year, a Swiss medicine company published a review of the clinical trials on drugs it had held between 2016 and 2021. It found that black people were under-represented in all but one. Surprisingly, that news represents progress, because it shows that people are becoming more aware of a dangerous bias (偏见) that sets back the safety of medical treatments.
Many trials leave out certain groups — children, for example, or people with physical or learning disabilities, pregnant women and the elderly. There are good explanations for the exclusion, such as the difficulty of getting informed permission or the potential harm to unborn children. Yet the consequences can be serious. A recent review found that half of trials around the world testing hip-fracture (髋骨骨折) interventions excluded people who lived in nursing homes, were old or had some sort of understanding problems. Though these groups make up almost a third of all patients suffering hip fractures, it is unclear if the interventions will work as safely or as effectively on them. Their doctors face a tough choice: tell their patients to take the medicine anyway, with uncertain results; or deny them new treatments.
Obtaining informed permission for trials is not always easy, especially from people with learning disabilities. Accounting for different groups’ risks of side-effects can complicate the analysis of the data. Even so, broadening the range of trials’ participants can be practically useful, because it might lead to important new findings in medicine.
Fortunately, the bias of clinical testing may be changing. The US government has recently proposed to reduce barriers and appeal to a wider range of participants by reducing the costs and commitments required for patients to participate. Countries like America and Britain are discussing publishing regulations that require trial organisers to explain whom they ought to include and how they plan to include them. ________________
【答案】A Swiss firm’s review suggested a dangerous bias in clinical trials. Certain groups of people being excluded from trials may lead to harmful consequences. Despite some difficulties, involving more participants can lead to new medical insights. Luckily, there’s progress including reducing the barriers to attract more participants and publishing rules to address this issue.
【知识点】科普知识 、议论文
【导语】本文是一篇议论文。文章通过瑞士药企的审查案例引出临床试验存在排除特定群体的系统性偏见，指出这种排除可能导致严重后果，同时论证了扩大参与者范围对医学进步的意义，最后提出政府正在通过降低参与门槛和制定法规来改善这一现状。
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